Tuesday 9 January 2018

Fuel dump of Zuma's Falcon 9 Upper Stage observed by a Dutch pilot over east Africa (and rumours that Zuma failed)

image (c) Peter Horstink, used with permission
click image to enlarge

The spectacular image above was taken by Peter Horstink, the Dutch pilot of a Boeing 747-400 freighter aircraft (Martinair Holland flight MPH8371 from Amsterdam to Johannesburg), around 3:15-3:20 UT on January 8. The aircraft was flying at 35000 feet just north of Khartoum, Sudan, at that moment, which can be seen in the foreground (the yellow lights). The image above is the first one out of four images taken by Horstink.

The spectacular green-blue "spiral" on the image is, given time and location and character, almost certainly the Falcon 9 Upper Stage from the launch of the classified Zuma satellite that day (see my earlier post here), depressurizing and venting fuel at the end of its de-orbit burn. Some 15-25 minutes later, it would re-enter in its designated re-entry zone in the southern Indian Ocean (see map below).

Horstink described his observation as follows (translated from his Dutch e-mail report):

"It started with a greenish light in the top of my front window. At first I thought it was a reflection from some lightsource behind me, but it turned out not to be. At about 218 UTC [this later turned out to be a mistake and must read 3:18 UTC: the aircraft passed Khartoum near 3:25 UTC - ML] with a  very clear sky and with Khartoum in our sight, a point of light (like a star but somewhat bigger) moved from above us to South of us. It moved slower than a usual satellite but clearly did move. I estimate we saw it for 2-3 minutes. The waning moon crescent at that time was almost right above us. The object was surrounded by a greenish glow in the shape of spiral arms, like a spiral galaxy. Two of them, which didn't seem to move much. The total  size of the phenomena was about three times the diameter of the moon."
(note that when measured from the photographs using the star background as a reference, the actual diameter of the spiral cloud is about 11 degrees. The cloud is at ~8 degrees elevation over the horizon, near azimuth 155 degrees. The two bright stars to the right of the cloud are alpha and beta Centauri ).

The map below gives my estimated trajectory for the Falcon 9 Upper Stage, with apogee at ~900 km. It fits the area of the sighting, the launch hazard zone direction and the de-orbit zone position (from Maritime Broadcast Warnings) in the Indian Ocean. The Falcon 9 Upper Stage should have re-entered into the atmosphere between 3:30-3:45 UT, about 30 minutes after the  window from the Maritime Broadcast Warning opened at 3:00 UT.

click map to enlarge

The sighting points to a somewhat higher orbital altitude for Zuma than I had anticipated before the launch: with hindsight, I had too much of an idée-fixe that the orbital altitude would be similar to that of USA 276. The Falcon 9 sighting over East Africa suggests an altitude over double as high, in the order of 900-1000 km rather than my original 400 km estimate.

The sighting does confirm the 50-degree orbital inclination of the orbit. A new estimated elset based on this revision of the orbital altitude is here.

The map below shows the (very) approximate position of the aircraft at the time of Peter Horstink's observation relative to the Falcon 9 trajectory (times in UT, January 8th 2018). The aircraft was flying on a heading of 170 degrees, and Horstink gives his position as "between waypoint Alpox and Khartoum VOR" which corresponds to about 16.38 N, 32.35 E. The Falcon 9 Upper Stage was coming down at an altitude in the range of 200-400 km at that time. Approximate positions for the Falcon 9 Upper Stage are indicated in 2-minute intervals:

click map to enlarge

Horstink made the image above and below plus a few more with a handheld camera, from the cockpit of the aircraft.

image (c) Peter Horstink, used with permission
click image to enlarge
Horstink's observation is not the only observation. Very similar photographs showing a spiral in the sky have been coming from the ground in Sudan, e.g. in this tweet:




image from the ground, from Sudan (author unknown)

On rumours that Zuma failed

The sightings from Sudan near 3:15-3:20 UT are significant, as in the late afternoon of the 8th, rumours appeared on Twitter of a Zuma launch failure. These rumours then were picked up by some news outlets, e.g. here and here.

I have no idea about the veracity of these rumours, and so far SpaceX has said the mission was "nominal" (indicating no problems with the Falcon 9), while Northrop-Grumman and the US military haven't given comments (they never do about classified mission status). They could very well just be rumours, perhaps born out of a misunderstanding of events in the launch seen from the ground by lay observers.

For the moment, unless the US Government comes with some statement, I think it is wise we should treat it as "just rumours", and not necessarily true.

The sighting of the Falcon 9 Upper stage venting 2 hours 15 minutes (1.5 orbit) after launch, bear significantly on the discussion, as it seems to confirm the remarks by SpaceX that the mission was nominal. Of course, for SpaceX the mission ends at orbit insertion.

At any rate, it shows that at least the Upper stage achieved orbit (so it was definitely not a launch failure where the rocket failed to achieve orbit), and it makes sense that the payload then did as well.

So if something went wrong, if at all (a big "if" - I am skeptical), then there are three options left:

(1)  Zuma was inserted into orbit, but it is in the wrong orbit (too high, too low); 

(2)  Zuma was inserted into orbit, but is "dead", i.e. non-responsive;

(3)  Zuma achieved orbit with the Upper Stage, but failed to detach from the Upper Stage, and next de-orbitted with the Upper Stage near 3:30-3:45 UT.

JSpOC ("NORAD") did enter an object from this launch into its master catalogue on January 9th, as object nr. 43098, COSPAR 2018-001A, name USA 280. They designated it "PAYLOAD" (and the USA 280 designation would point to this as well). As usual for classified missions, they do not give details on the orbit.

screenshot showing the JSpOC master catalogue entry for a "PAYLOAD" named USA 280 associated with the launch

This suggests something achieved orbit long enough (i.e. over more than one orbit) to be detected and added to the catalogue.

While this does not necessarily mean the object is still in orbit (and it could in theory reference the Falcon 9 Upper Stage, with the "PAYLOAD" designation then in error), it does fuel my skepticism towards the truth of the rumours.

If Zuma is on-orbit but did fail, the situation becomes reminiscent of the USA 193 saga - an experimental satellite launched in December 2006 that failed after orbit insertion, and a year later was shot out of the sky with an SM3 missile, which has become infamous as "Operation Burnt Frost".

With regard to the observed fuel dump/depressurization: this is normal for most launches and does not necessarily indicate something's wrong.

Rocket stages always carry excess fuel, as you don't want the engine to cut out prematurely by running out of fuel. So it always has a sufficient fuel margin. Once its work is done, this excess fuel is often vented, also known as "depressurization".

[update] An earlier example of such a spiral resulting from a Falcon 9 venting fuel after launch into LEO, is this one from a SpaceX Falcon 9 test launch of a DRAGON in 2010. So this event over Sudan is not unusual. [end of update]

Depressurization and fuel venting avoids the risk of the rocket stage blowing up, for example as a result of static electricity building up in the rocket stage. You do not want your rocket stage to blow up, as it creates an uncontrolable swarm of debris and includes the risk that particles are ejected into orbits where they do not decay quickly,  adding to the space debris risk.

The spiral pattern results when the rocket stage is spinning, perhaps as result of the fuel vent.

At the moment, Zuma is not visible from the Northern hemisphere because all passes are in daylight or earth shadow. This will change 1-2 weeks from now, depending on the exact orbital altitude. The sighting from Sudan does confirm the orbital plane the object should be in (that is: unless it did a manoeuvre into another orbital plane after separation from the Falcon - but I doubt that). So we have to wait now untill a new object is observed in this orbital plane.

The hunt is on!


UPDATE: some news sources are now claiming sources within the US military and US Government confirm the failure, saying the second stage of the Falcon 9 "failed" and stage and satellite crashed into sea.

This does not tally with the observations over Sudan, which show the Upper Stage did reach orbit. So my skepticism remains. If there is some truth to it nevertheless, it could point to option (3) above and subsequent misinterpretation in the press.

UPDATE 2: the adapter mating ZUMA to the Falcon 9 Upper Stage was not made by SpaceX, but by Northrop-Grumman itself (which is somewhat unusual). So if ZUMA did not separate from the Falcon 9 (and did a dive into the Indian Ocean with it), the blame is not on SpaceX but on Northrop-Grumman. In that case, the SpaceX declaration that the Falcon 9 performed "nominal" is correct, even if Zuma did not separate from it.

UPDATE 3 (17 jan 2018): It turns out that a ~52 degree inclined, ~660 km altitude orbit also fits the constraints of the de-orbit area and being over East Africa at the right time. So we are adding that option to the search efforts. I did a partial plane scan of the 50-degree orbital plane two days ago.

click map to enlarge

Ackowledgement: I thank Peter Horstink for his report, for providing additional information on request, and for the permission to feature his images on this blog. I thank Govert Schilling for bringing me into contact with Peter Horstink. The photographs with this post are (c) Peter Horstink.

20 comments:

Unknown said...
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jim oberg said...

Here for comparison is a random collection of post-insertion propellant dumps over the history of the Space Age:
http://satobs.org/seesat_ref/misc/Space_clouds-Strange_Spinoff_of_the_Space_Age.pdf

Unknown said...

If Zuma was not released from 2nd stage after achieving orbit, wouldn't deorbiting be delayed while they tried to sort it?

YKT said...
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SatTrackCam Leiden said...

Jim, here is an example from an earlier Falcon 9 flight:
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2010/06/05/oh-those-falcon-ufos/#.WlUWq5btSrV

Unknown said...

My cousin saw this object on monday 8th of January at 5am whil he was going to the morning prayer this sighting was in Kartoum North Sudan ...

Unknown said...

see more detels and photo about this topic in this post on facebook https://www.facebook.com/ali.ali.562/posts/1515280118587551

Unknown said...

Iam from sudan and i see this case

SatTrackCam Leiden said...

Ali, those are indeed very nice images of the event!

Jeroen said...

Hey; de beelden zijn gebruikt door deze youtuber: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkFo34N6wLo
Misschien best eens Youtube hiervan op de hoogte brengen.

Unknown said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
Unknown said...

Hello. This article is really interesting.
I would like to write a blog post about Zuma mission, and I was wondering would you allow me to present the analysis made in this article in my blog? I will cite the source accordingly.
I am looking forward to your reply.

unforlivin said...
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unforlivin said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
unforlivin said...
This comment has been removed by the author.
unforlivin said...

Speculation:
In 1966-1972, the USSR conducted tests of a Fractional Orbit Bombardment System (FOBS). An operational Soviet FOBS involved placing a nuclear warhead in low Earth orbit, although the Soviet tests all involved dummy warheads. Unlike an ICBM, which arcs upward for many hundreds of miles and thus clears the horizon of an early warning system at least 20 minutes before impact, the FOBS is placed in an exceedingly low but temporarily stable orbit of 95-110 miles, where it is deorbited at will with less than 6 minutes warning for the target. In addition, FOBS approach from the southwest whereas all our cold war warning systems were geared for attack from the northwest--the DEW line, etc.

Given that background, consider the that this Zuma launch was not launched into the typical polar orbit of an imaging spy satellite, or the geostationary transfer orbit of a signals intelligence or early warning satellite. Consider also the super secrecy around this shot and the fact that its 50 degree inclination orbit was ideal for passing over Pyongyang, North Korea.

Now that nobody claims any particular component of Space X's launch vehicle performed to anything less than perfection, yet given that it may not have completed an orbit, speculation is that it failed. Amateur astronomers report that the second stage reached stable orbit. Yet many questions still remain unanswered. Such as, instead of a low temporarily stable orbit of 95-110 miles was Zuma put in a high temorarily stable orbit (alike a kinetic energy weapon)?

Factoring the above, Zuma could be a FOBS system and mission test--dry run. A mission simulating/testing taking out North Korea's nuclear capability (at least) with little or no warning, and that its delivery system and dummy warheads tested precisely as planned and was deorbited to the Indian Ocean target before the completion of its first orbit.

Soviet FOBS program background information is publicly available, and historically for many decades.

The Unites States has not developed a FOBS program.... until now?

Hmm... suprising that Kim Jong-un is suddenly squishy-friendly?

Thomas Dorman said...

Marco
How confident are you in the last Tle's you post on Zuma? Second in the image from the Sudan there looks like a satellite track above the spiral fuel dump at the upper edge of the image. Do you have any information on the how this shot was taken such as the camera or device ,was it a time exposure, F stop,lens focal length, thing like that? Have a 80 degree pass here this evening going to have another look for the Zuma satellite any help with a guess or Tle update would be apprecated!

SatTrackCam Leiden said...

Thomas: the TLE's are indications only and should not be taken too strict. Allow for considerable leeway in pass time and crosstrack error.
Good luck with the hunt: I am clouded out here (for days to come it seems).

Moutaman Mirghani said...

Yes Nagla, many persons in different cities in Sudan have seen that strange view. We in the Institute of Space Research and Aerospace in Sudan are following that issue.

PeterVermont said...

If the satellite did not detach from the second stage, would the de-orbit have worked properly with the extra mass of the satellite?

In other words, can the observations related to the de-orbiting tell us whether the satellite was still attached?

Someone else asked why they would de-orbit so quickly if there was a problem. I read somewhere (sorry - no link and no assurance of accuracy) that the second stage has only limited power and must de-orbit on schedule to ensure that the fuel does not freeze.